Competition, Marketing Mix, and Pricing Research Paper

Rivalry, Marketing Mix, and Pricing - Research Paper Example Key Characteristics of the Users Maryland General Hospital offers wide scope of administrations to its clients with various attributes and with various necessities and prerequisites. The clinic is situated in Baltimore City, which is the biggest city of Maryland. A sharp decrease can be found in the Baltimore’s neediness line. The greater part of the individuals who wind up under the government neediness line are moving to the rural zones from the urban or metro urban areas. In the city of Baltimore, there are in excess of 21,000 individuals who are underneath neediness line, however as of late a significant decrease in the pace of the poor populace has occurred. Maryland General Hospital targets individuals from both the metro and rural region of the Baltimore. They offer particular premium administrations for the exceptional patients with high pay level and furthermore offer general assistance for the mass. They additionally offer distinctive uncommon administrations to vari ous segment layers, for example, kids care, senior resident consideration and ladies care. For instance, Heart catheterization is given to grown-up and kids independently. The Hospital offers some particular assistance inside the structure of ladies care. The Competitive Environment of the Health Care Provider The opposition for the most part emerges on at least one components like quality, value, comfort and so on. Rivalry kills the wastefulness of the players. Be that as it may, in the event of Maryland General Hospital, there is no such value rivalry among the main players in the market as 75% of all out expense for the treatment of an individual is given by the medical coverage organization (Kronick, Goodman and Wennberg, 1993). Various clinics attempt to separate its administrations based on quality. On the off chance that Porter five powers model is applied for Maryland General Hospital it will be certain that a large portion of the rivalries are originating from the adversary medical clinics. The opposition is monstrous for Maryland General Hospital. There are 14 emergency clinics in Maryland. All the medical clinics give altered administrations. An investigation proposes that 58% of the patients prescribed for going again to Maryland General Hospital while 77% individuals suggested for going Greater Baltimore clinical focus. Numerous individuals additionally suggested for Good Samaritan Hospital. Indeed, even in this regard the Mercy Medical Center Inc has likewise got high focuses than Maryland General Hospital. The clinic faces very low dealing power from the providers as there are numerous providers present in the market. The opportune conveyance of hardware and drugs are extremely fundamental for the medical clinic. The clinic needs to rely exceptionally upon its providers to keep up altruism before the clients as the majority of the emergency clinics are contending for the most part on the quality and not on the cost. There is no such danger from another contestant in the market as the set up cost is extremely high for any new participant and the physical proof is the most significant factor for any clinics so the new contestant needs to confront an intense rivalry from the old players as the physical proof is solid of the old players. There is no such substitute in hospital’s item as it is an important assistance for all. The purchasers haggling power is likewise solid yet as for the most part the insurance agency takes care of the tabs, the bartering power gets diminished. Instruments of Marketing Mix Marketing involves seven components. For the medicinal services segment all the 7P’

SMITHFIELD STREET BRIDGE (PA) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SMITHFIELD STREET BRIDGE (PA) - Research Paper Example Pittsburgh’s gigantic requirement for spans introduced a decent open door for the designers to feature their insight and ability .The main type of transport inside the town and a few segments of the waterway banks in the mid nineteenth century was the utilization of boats or kayaks. As the network created individuals understood that it was obligatory to assemble a ship administration and in 1818 the Jone’s Ferry administration was built up, so as to improve their business arranged culture. The ship worked between southern bank of Monongahela and the base of Liberty Street. Stock and products were conveyed by pontoons while travelers were conveyed by boats. In 1840, a further developed pony ship was created which utilized visually impaired ponies as intention power. The visually impaired ponies were fitted in even wheels when at that point pushed the pontoons (Von 77). A couple of years after the fact a steam ship was built up by Captain Erwin on the southern bank of Ohi o close to the segment where the streams shaped a conversion. Unfortunately, the ship venture crumbled a couple of years after the fact along with the Jones ship project.Leaving only one operational steam ship which worked from Penn Street to Saw Mill Run.The article will manage the three extensions chose at the Smithfield Street and how their development altered the scaffold development innovation in the nineteenth century when human progress was creating at a striking velocity The primary scaffold among the Pittsburghs parkway spans was known as the Monongahela Bridge. A bill was passed In Pennsylvania by the state administrative gathering permitting two scaffolds to be worked at Pittsburg. One would be worked over the Allegheny and the other one over Monongahela. Judge Findley, an individual from the administrative chamber was given the assignment of computing the general expense of the structures. His counts demonstrated that around 1200 feet of the stream required chains that were 1590 feet in length and four other iron chains weighing 64

Me again (but with flamethrowers this time)

Me again (but with flamethrowers this time) MIT these days is pretty up on the latest social media, as is befitting an Institute of Technology. (Just writing that sentence made me feel like a middle-age technology reporter. Its like Fight Club, or being a hipster. You just dont TALK about this kind of thing) For example, Im friends with MIT Engineers on facebook, from whom I get the latest Tech sports updates (they also have a twitter). MIT News has a twitter as well, and theres even an iphone app, which is super useful for tracking all the MIT shuttles (cue the: when I was your age, we stood outside in the snow waiting for buses, BOTH WAYS). The shuttle tracker has been key this winter, as Boston has certainly received its fair share of snow. (As has most of the US, except Florida. It makes me wonder what the global snow:no snow ratio is. I bid someone to go forth and Google! And then get back to me). Anyway, at this point, there is really no place for the snow to go anymore in Boston. The snowbanks beside the roads are 3-4 feet tall; my friend Giulia 11 has trouble seeing over them. So what to do with all the snow? Well, back in 1948, the Mayor of Boston had the same conundrum. Except one of his ideas to get rid of the snow was flamethrowers . While totally awesome, this is also a really terrible plan. Luckily, he wrote to the president of MIT at the time, and asked for his opinion first. You can find the correspondence here . (Hat tip to the MIT news twitter (see, that whole first paragraph was relevant!) for linking from the MIT archives). Ive got to imagine that this was a serious facepalm moment for President Compton, but when its the mayor asking I suppose you have to answer. Im a complete sucker for historical stuff like that, which is why I love twitter and the interwebs in general. For example, Letters of Note is this awesome blog that posts old letters from famous people, often in response to fans/kids but just generally interesting. (Check out the most read on the side for a quick idea of what its about). Then there is Sunday Magazine , which posts articles from the New York Times Sunday Magazines of 100 years ago. They are WAY more interesting than youd expect. Some are funny in hindsight, some seem quaint, some sensational, and some are just plain hilarious. If I try to list examples this blog post will actually never end but heres one about the original way things went viral. And info on the blog here . And then there is the reason I joined twitter. I was resistant and fairly hostile for a while, but then I read in the Boston Globe that the Massachusetts Historical Society was going to tweet the diary of John Quincy Adams. His journal entries are just about the length of a tweet, and they were posting an entry a day recording his trip to Russia as American ambassador there. I was intrigued, I joined, and I havent looked back. They still post his entries here . For all you lucky ones looking forward to a snow day tomorrow, I hope Ive given you something to pass the time with. And as a final disclaimer, DONT ATTEMPT THE FLAMETHROWER THING.

Annotated Bibliography Memory Manipulation - 1627 Words

Memory Manipulation: Molecular Engram Modification for the Forgotten Millions of people on this Earth struggle daily with diseases that lie out of their control. Some with the involuntary and gradual amnesia of loved ones, others with memories that plague and haunt them on the loneliest of nights, and more. These issues are ironically forgotten those unaffected, and all stem from the same place- the brain’s memory engram cells. Engram cells are encoded neural tissue that provides a trace of memory and therefore is responsible for memory retrieval (1). Working in the lab with the implantation of memories and manipulating said engram cells of rodents can, over time, develop into altering human cells and activating memory retrieval to†¦show more content†¦Then, the mice would experience secondary exposure to a contrasting environment and associate it with a painful memory. The test subjects would then be returned to their initial environment in which no they were unharmed. Through this proce dure, the rodents were given false memories through manipulation as they reacted negatively to the area in which nothing occurred. Tonegawa commonly used shocking the mice as his method yet other studies used alternative methods as well. This worked due to the optical reactivation of neurons that took part in the trauma while in the location in which no pain was delivered (4). Experiments also revealed that the configuration of true and false memories set off similar molecular changes. With the ability to implant false memories, a variety of possibilities appear. As several studies (including Tonegawa’s) acknowledged chemical compounds for application in subduing or even eliminating the memories of mice, hypothetical treatments for addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc. for humans became realistic (6). Research has also been conducted involving the development of pharmacological strategies enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mouse models of Alzheimer’s with the focus on restoring memory and thoughts of cell therapeutic intervention through endogenous cell manipulation; therefore, suggesting gradual movement in the direction of a societal impact asShow MoreRelatedOverview. Octavia Butler’S Kindred Focuses On The Perspective1731 Words   |  7 Pagesorder to emphasize the widespread effects of prejudice upon human rights. In addition, the contrast of societies also serves to compare the troubles of the past society from the progressive perspective of 1976. The articles chosen within this annotated bibliography focus specifically on the multiple impacts of slavery. 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Contact your local Wiley representativeRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesbypassed the mechanism that was set up for measuring the length of time that incoming calls were waiting before being answered. We witness such failures of performance measurement systems at a time when the technologies involved in the capture, manipulation, and distribution of information have never been better. Successive waves of information technology (IT) development have been greeted with optimistic analyses of their potential to strengthen signiWcantly our attempts at controlling behaviourRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesan organization cannot abandon recognition of prior achievements of individuals and the organizational whole because that could demoralize people who contributed to those past successes. The corporate memory, that body of data, information, and knowledge residing in files but also primarily in memories of staff, is valuable as a source of knowledge in fulfilling the strategic aims and objectives of an organization. The internally â€Å"looking around† aspect of the planning process, the performance evaluation

Essay on The Effects of Alcohol - 1177 Words

The Effects of Alcohol Works Cited Not Included Alcohol is a substance that has numerous diverse affects on the body-both positive and negative. Alcohol not only kills brain cells, but when taken in profusion it has almost no constructive affects. Sure it can make one overlook his/her problems, but the consequences of drinking in excess far outweigh the benefits. It is not a crime to get drunk, however alcohol will almost always cause one to conduct them self in a way he or she would not normally behave. For instance, a sober man will not usually drive ninety-five mph down I-95, however, after consuming a good amount of alcohol, his eyesight, judgement, reflexes and abilities are hindered to the point that he feels†¦show more content†¦The abuse of alcohol over long periods of time may also cause diseases such as cirrhosis, acute alcohol hepatitis, and the most severe liver disease. Cirrhosis is a disease in which the liver becomes so scarred that the patient lacks sufficient healthy tissue to perform the organ?s fun ctions. Once you?ve got it, you are stuck with it. (Gross, 6) The worst thing about these diseases is that you will not know you have them unless you are medically examined on a regular basis. Alcohol consumption is a large contributor to the development of several types of cancer- mostly dealing with the neck and brain. We know that cancer kills and therefore it is safe to say that in some cases, alcohol can be deadly. It is important to realize that alcoholism is a disease. A heavy drinker will experience the effects of withdrawal syndrome (which include hypertension, anxiety, disorientation, hallucinations, and seizures) if he decides to stop drinking. Being addicted to alcohol is similar to being addicted to any other drug in that once one starts using, it is tough to live without. It is also a ?gateway drug? just as marijuana and other sedatives. (Bennett, Woolf, 13-23) Heavy drinkers may develop a tolerance or ?immunity? to certain amounts of alcohol. That said- the more often you drink, the more you can handle next time. The human body recognizes alcohol as a foreign substance and will use every method possible toShow MoreRelatedAlcohol And Its Effects On Alcohol1403 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Alcohol has long been a subject of controversy. Long before man understood the indications and contraindications of alcohol there has been laws against this drug. Classifying alcohol as a drug may not be suited for a majority of the population because people like to partake in drinking. Imbibing in alcohol is a tradition in many parts of the country. We use alcohol for celebrations, traditions, socialization and combining food flavors with specific alcohols. Forgetting that too much canRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol Abuse On Alcohol882 Words   |  4 Pagesme is alcohol. I often notice underage adolescents drinking and I also distinguish how they become different people when intoxicated by alcohol. They begin to walk funny and they tend to slur their words, making it hard to comprehend anything they are saying. I have watched family members who were so inebriated that they could not even spell their own name or even pinpoint who they were. The questions I always ask myself when I s ee these drunk college kids is â€Å"Do these kids know the effects of alcoholismRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Consumption Of Alcohol1288 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol consumption is highly prominent around the world and Australia. Most Australians have consumed alcohol at some point of time in their lives. Most individuals doing so at a level that is acceptable and does not lead to any ill health or injury. There is, however, an issue with the misuse and abuse of alcohol in Australia across all age groups. This paper will discuss the use of alcohol in Australia broadly before focusing on the consumption of alcohol in the 16-29 year old age group. ThisRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages Dependance on alcohol has been around ever since its creation and records of writing existed. From Biblical commandments clearly restricting the drink due to its destructive and addictive nature to the celebrities on tv screens and music devices glo rifying the substance, alcohol has always been part of various cultures. Being the number one drug problem in the U.S with over 12 million people reportedly being alcoholics and of those 7 million being binge drinkers between the ages 12-20, it comesRead MoreEffects of Alcohol827 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many opinions that have been put across regarding alcohol consumption. Some are biased while others are based on either prejudice or beliefs. However the truth is that alcohol has its own merits and demerits. Every drinker has already at least some of the short term alcohol effects like a hangover or a bad night’s sleep. Long term effects are usually experienced when it is quite late. Heavy drinking results to a staggering walk, indistinct words and memory lapses. Upon drinking, oneRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse941 Words   |  4 PagesEvery day around the world, people fail to realize the effects alcohol abuse can have on themselves as well as their loved ones. Alcohol is highly addictive, and can plague an individual s life. People who suffer from alcohol abuse go through various withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cease from drinking alcohol. There are various methods alcohol abusers to quit using alcohol. For adults who abuse alcohol, achieving abstinence can be an arduous process that can be overcome with the perseveranceRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse942 Words   |  4 PagesEveryday around the world people fail to realize the effects alcohol abuse can have on themselves as well as their loved ones. Alcohol can be highly addictive, and plague an individual s life. Individuals who suffer from alcohol abuse go through various withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cease from drinking alcohol. There are various methods alcohol abusers to quit using alcohol. For adults who abuse alcohol, achieving abstinence can be an arduous process that can be overcome with the perseveranceRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Consumption Of Alcohol1950 Words   |  8 PagesThere are a multitude of aspects to consider as to why an individual would be dependent on the consumption of alcohol. One being the living environment of an individual has an effect on alcohol abuse according to the studies found, McCaul et al (2009) talks about this theme and goes on to say that the more licensed alcohol establishment’s in one particular area means it’s more likely for someone to drink on a regular basis as it’s not out of their way. Another reason may be the individual’s emotionalRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Consumption1373 Words   |  6 Pageswhether or not alcohol should be prohibited. In most countries, at a certain age, adults are allowed to purchase alcohol without being limited to certain choices. However, with the rise of alcoholic products, there are concerns for public health and safety. Many people argue that restrictions should be placed on alcohol consumption. To begin with, there are several factors that involve in alcohol consumption. Studies have shown that there is a direct correlation between alcohol consumption andRead MoreAlcohol Consumption : The Effects Of Alcohol On The Body1312 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol Consumption: The Effects of Alcohol on the Body Thamara Jean-Jacques Professor: Nina Walker Biology 115 October 17, 2015 Lithonia Campus Abstract Drinking alcohol for a period of time or even binge drinking cause harm your heart. Alcohol increases the risk for heart attack, strokes, and hypertension. In 2013, a total of 71,713 people died of liver disease the ages ranged from 12 and older. Alcohol has also been known to affect the pancreas, large amounts of alcohol can confuse

ES Lab Report †Nitrate Free Essays

Background Introduction The presence of nitrogen is vital for all organisms as it is an element of protein. It is present in the environment in various compositions and constantly changes from one to another as it goes through the Nitrogen cycle. Nitrate and nitrite are both compounds of nitrogen, which are found in natural sources such as soil, water, plants and food. We will write a custom essay sample on ES Lab Report – Nitrate or any similar topic only for you Order Now These compounds are formed when microorganisms in the environment break down organic materials, such as plants, animal manure, and sewage. This is useful as most of nitrogen absorbed by plants is in the form of nitrate. However, since nitrate is extremely leachable, it very quickly moves with water through the soil and in the event of high amounts of rainfall or excessive irrigation, this can permeate through the various soil layers and reach the groundwater sources.   Nitrate can get into drinking water from runoff or seepage into ground water from farms, golf courses, home lawns, etc. In a well, nitrate may get into the water more easily if the well is poorly constructed. The presence of nitrate in water is extremely difficult to detect, as it does not have any color, odor and is tasteless. The most significant health hazard of the presence of nitrate in drinking water is when the nitrate present in the water is transformed to nitrite in the digestive system.   This causes a condition called methemoglobinemia, which occurs due to the oxidation of hemoglobin to form methemoglobin. Methemoglobin does not have the same oxygen carrying ability of hemoglobin. Effects of nitrate in drinking water are as follows: Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused serious illness and sometimes death. When there is too much nitrate in freshwater or estuarine systems close to land, nitrate can reach high levels that can potentially cause the death of fish. Escalated potential risks of cancer from nitrate and nitrite in water and food are also reported. In this experiment, we are going to measure the level of nitrate or nitrite present in our water system by comparing tap water with grey water. Grey water is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic processes such as washing dishes, laundry and bathing. Aim of Experiment By investigating the elements of nitrite or nitrate that our ground water has, we as a class can determine which residential areas have the most health-threatening water. The aim of this experiment is to raise awareness in high school students on health-threatening issues such as the potential risks of nitrate in water. Hypothesis Unlike countries like Australia or Singapore, Indonesia is not commonly associated with clean tap water. In fact drinking tap water is not recommended nor practiced.   Inspite of this common notion, there are very few health issues related to â€Å"clean water† in Jakarta.   The hypothesis put forward by this experiment is that the nitrate level in groundwater in areas around Jakarta would be minimal. Materials and Equipments Grey water, Tap water, Nitrate-nitrite meter, Function graph, Calculator, Testing chemical. Independent Variable: Location Dependent Variable: Amount of nitrate/nitrite Methods – Collect plentiful gray water and tap water from houses in different areas. – Put the same volume of water from each source into different test tubes.   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Put the testing chemical inside each test tube to check nitrate/nitrite level.   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Measure each nitrate/nitrite level using meter.   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Compare result using a mathematical function graph.    – Use calculator to calculate final results.      Ã¢â‚¬â€ Interpret data. Discussion As seen from the results the level of nitrate found was minimal.   The area around Lippo Karawaci and Sudirman has the biggest chance of having nitrate in their water. This being said does not mean there is 0% possibility that nitrate is present in other areas. This experiment is probably not as detailed as it should be; therefore achieving zero results in most of the areas. Evaluation Even though the results show extremely minimal amounts of nitrate present in the water sources In Jakarta, one cannot draw permanent conclusions that it safe to drink. Alternate sources of drinking water such as bottled water or spring water are always recommended, especially in the case of infants and pregnant women.   Boiling of water is not a solution, as this only tends to increase the concentration of nitrate in water. The hypothesis states that the nitrate level around Jakarta and its surrounding suburban areas will be minimal. The experiment confirms the hypothesis. However, since the sample size was limited the reliability of the results is debatable. How to cite ES Lab Report – Nitrate, Essay examples

GolfLogix Case of Study free essay sample

To start with I am going to talk briefly about GolfLogix and its different products. GolfLogix is a quite recent company which was founded in 1999 in Arizona (US). It was based on a simple concept, using the GPS to aid golfers to improve their game or to make it easier. For this reason, GolfLogix developed the xCaddie, a handheld GPS receiver. Nowadays, the company offers two different systems. The first one is the â€Å"Distance Only System†, which can calculate the distance from where the golfer is hitting to the green; and the second one, which is called the â€Å"Complete System† and makes even more for the golfer, such as recording the progress of the golfer’s round in order to download this data and print a detailed mapping of his progress, (showing him statistics, how far he had hit the ball with every club, how many times he had putted and how many shots he had taken, etc). Creating superior customer value is a necessary condition for a company securing a niche in a competitive environment, not to mention a leadership position in the market. According to Porter, a company can follow two generic routes to compete in a market: differentiation and low-cost. GolfLogix focuses on differentiation, because it tries to satisfy the necessity of improving the pace of the game in a non-complex way, due to it is able to judge the distance to the green and choose the right club for that distance, what has been a common challenge for many golfers (beginners and experienced players) since much time ago. But moreover, the xCaddie, in the two versions, offers a long list of benefits which create value for the consumers, such as the portability (its size is convenient and the golfers can hang it without being uncomfortable), the affordability for every type of courses, its easy use and installation, etc. In addition, the Complete system has more benefits, it provides the player his game history and his own statistics, the golfer can visit his own personalized web site and improve his game by learning through the teaching pros; this way, they can work on those parts of their game where they waste the most strokes (the real necessity of the players, which wasn’t clear before this device). To sum up this point, GolfLogix offers a compelling product to golfers and courses satisfying a latent necessity for all the players. The company had some feedback about its products and it seems to that the â€Å"Distance Only System† would be used again by the 80% of golfers if it is available on the courses they usually play, and the â€Å"Complete System† would be used by all of the players, stressing they like the most the post-game printout, because they find it fairly useful. Taking into account the competitor analysis, it has to be emphasized the fact of there are some companies which offer similar or comparable systems to the xCaddie. The difference is that these systems are mounted to the cart, which drives up prices considerably. The $250,000 to outfit 80 golf carts is often an initial cost that most golf courses cannot handle. That makes GolfLogix devices even more competitive. Beside this information, as we see in the text, in 2002 dozens of courses had adopted either the Distance Only System or Complete system, and moreover, quite often one or two more courses signed lease agreements after tasting these systems with a 30 day free trial. So, as a conclusion we can say that this product is being quite compelling, it seems lease agreements are going to continue growing. What is the market potential for the GolfLogix devices? According to the consumers of Golflogix devices we can match these two types of systems with the different groups of consumers. On the one hand, we have the â€Å"Distance only system†, which is supposed to be used in order to golfers to have a more accurate game with less number of shots. It means that this system will help to increase the pace of the play, making it easier and more efficient. So, because of its simple and easy operating it can be aimed at every kind golfer of all experience levels. On the other hand, the â€Å"Complete System† is aimed at avid or quite experienced golfers due to it offers the opportunity of accumulate game history and seeing personal improvement at any particular course. Because of that, this type of device will be only interesting for professional golfers. Moreover, experienced golfers are in relation with one type of course, it is the group of â€Å"Private courses†. Experienced players always attend to the same course because they pay their initiation fee and their yearly membership fee. They are not going to waste their money paying for a daily greens fee at a public course if they are already paying dues at their private course. Due to these several reasons, GolfLogix should target the private courses, in order to make its both systems successful in the market. On the contrary, if the company target public courses, it is possible that the â€Å"complete system† to fail, because it is used by avid golfers with more intrinsic necessities, who play always in private courses. In the year 2000, there were over 17,000 golf courses in the country, including 7,000 municipal or lower-end public courses, 4,000 high-end public courses, 2,000 resort courses, and 2,000 private courses. In theory, this means that GolfLogix had 17,000 potential courses on which to use its products. As if that number was not large enough, new courses were being built at a rate of 300 to 400 per year. What are the advantages of going through the golf courses? Through retail channels? ADVANTAGES GOLF COURSES 1. This option is less risky. Looking at the point that golfers form a quite traditional market, GolfLogix would risk more if the company goes through retail channels, its products would have a long introduction stage into the market, because players (above all the avid golfers) are a bit resistant to new technologies if they are in relation with the game of golf, because, as we see in the text, they might think â€Å"What’s next? Do they also provide a robot to hit the ball for you? †. However, many golfers who have tried either of the systems said they would use them again if they are available in the courses they usually play. 2. The number of golfers grows by about 200,000 to 400,000 each year. For this reason, we feel it would be hard for GolfLogix to target the individual consumer because there are so many of them and not all are avid golfers, what means that the â€Å"Complete System† will fail in their majority. 3. Both systems need so many of labor hours in mapping the courses. If a golfer doesn’t play golf as a routine, he or she would not take the time to map out the course and download all of his or her personal information into his or her own personal xCaddie. On the other hand, if the courses offer these systems already ready, golfers would use the xCaddie without any problem. 4. By targeting the golf courses, GolfLogix would also be indirectly targeting the consumers. If the consumers like the systems and they realize that the use of this product helps to improve their game, doing it more accurate and also that it can correct their mistakes, they may choose to buy the product. 5. Ensuring the value created by attending the necessities of the courses since the company was established. This option may not put at risk the perfect relation between the company and the courses, main source of incomes of GolfLogix. 6. The number of courses is much less than the number of direct consumers. That means that the company can face with their principal consumers’ necessities in an efficient way and developing new products according the new necessities the courses can have. (Fast reaction in the presence of new market opportunities, coming earlier than competitors and main source to create superior value of its products) ADVANTAGES RETAIL CHANNELS 1. The market share would might be higher than the one focusing on the courses, due to there are quite more golfers and new golfers each new year than new courses. That has as a consequence that the revenue can also be higher. 2. The expert golfers can pay a quite high amount of money for the â€Å"Complete System† due to they are price – insensitive. All they want is to improve their game, correct their unknown mistakes and become the best in their own course. They would want to but it because they always go and practice golf in the same course. If you could choose one of the two channels, which would you choose – courses or retail? Courses. One reason is that Golflogix has built a strong relationship with gold courses across the country, and changing the strategy to go through retail channels might these relations get worse, having as a consequence a loss in the company’s revenue, due to the courses can feel disappointed and move to other competitors. As we see in the case â€Å"targeting consumers directly might jeopardize relationships with golf courses that the firm had worked hard to establish†. Golflogix systems (Distance Only and Complete System), through the xCaddies provide golf courses an additional revenue because they help to improve the overall golfing experience at its courses, what is exactly what players want to satisfy. Golf courses would not receive these additional streams of revenue if golfers brought their own GPS systems . Besides all, I think it is more difficult to reach the success through the retail channels, because most golfers aren’t willing to pay between $200 and $1,000 for a personal GPS system when they can simply play a golf course offering a GPS system for little or no additional charge. Moreover, we have to take into account that GolfLogix is a four-year-old company, so in case that the product fails when it is introduced directly to the final consumers, the company won’t might be able to handle this big loss because it is unlikely it has a larga cash reserve due to its age and maybe its initial investment (what means that probably the company still has a financial debt). Given the option of selling through both channels, what would you do? Taking into account that nowadays we don’t have a really good developed technology and it’s very expensive at the same time, I would only sell the devices to the courses and I would wait for the decreasing of the technology and production costs, as we can see the success of our product and the progress of the demand.

Great Gatsby Essay The Romantic Dream free essay sample

Dream If love is only a will to possess, it is not love (Thich Nhat Hanh). This caveat relates to the social and moral decay of the 1920s. During this era, every American had one objective to achieve success. Francis Scott Fitzgerald, the author of The Great Gatsby, presents a realistic image of American life in the 1920s. The characters in his novel, like many people in that period, only care for money. Becoming rich is their definition of success, and is their main objective. As a result, their relationships, which are no longer based on love fail. All of the relationships in the novel are doomed because they are not based upon love, but upon materialism. One example of a failed relationship in The Great Gatsby is the adulterous affair between Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson. Their affair is based on mutual exploitation. Tom uses Myrtle for sex; Myrtle receives gifts and money in return. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Gatsby Essay The Romantic Dream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tom Buchanan, a resident of East Egg, is old money, so he looks down on everyone whom he considers to be below his class. Thus, he treats Myrtle as if she is trash. Myrtle Wilson, the wife of poor George Wilson, is disenchanted with her twelve year-old marriage because of her husbands lack of success. Her desire for a better life is overpowering, and she believes that Tom will ultimately leave Daisy and marry her. In reality, Tom does not even see Myrtle as a person but as a sexual object. This is shown by his degrading treatment of Myrtle at a party; specifically, he breaks her nose for having the nerve to mention his wifes name: Daisy! Daisy! Daisy! shouted Mrs. Wilson. Ill say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand (Fitzgerald 43). The pathetic nature of their relationship is revealed when she dies. After a fight with George Wilson, Myrtle runs away toward a golden car that she thinks is Toms. The golden color of the car symbolizes the money and wealth that Myrtle so desires. However, this symbol for the dream that Myrtle had been working so hard to achieve causes her demise. Furthermore, the nature of the relationship between Tom and Myrtle is best symbolized by the expensive dog leash that Tom buys for Myrtles puppy. It reflects the fact that Tom is the master, the one who controls his pet with money. As the master, Tom is free to do as he pleases. As the dog, Myrtle receives gifts for proper behavior. The unequal status between Tom and Myrtle reflects the cause of the failure of their relationship, which given its adulterous nature was doomed to fail from its inception. The Buchanan marriage is also a complete failure. Although Gatsbys absence during World War I is the initial reason that causes Daisy to decide to marry Tom, the most important factor is Toms money and social status. Tom comes from a rich family, so he is able to give Daisy everything she wants. The fact that their marriage is rooted in convenience and not in love is made apparent on several occasions in the novel. For example, when Daisy gives birth to their only child, Tom was God knows where (23). This shows he is not fully invested in Daisys or his childs wellbeing. Furthermore, Toms philandering begins after only three months of marriage. Of course, Daisy knows Tom well; she even offers him her little gold pencil so that he can ask for the number of a pretty but common girl he is interested in at Gatsbys party. Ultimately, their marriage is founded upon wealth and power. It is what keeps them together and what reveals how emotionally barren their marriage is. Another failed relationship exemplified in The Great Gatsby is the one between Daisy and Gatsby. Gatsbys dream is to be reunited with Daisy, to go back into the past, and to marry Daisy. This is his incorruptible dream, as Gatsby tells Nick: Cant repeat the past? [Gatsby] cried incredulously. Why of course you can! (117). Gatsby is actually the one who tries to separate Tom and Daisy and end their marriage. After reuniting with Daisy, Gatsby begins an affair that is made possible because he is extremely rich. Daisy is a materialist that is easily lured by money. When they first reunite, Daisy shows little true emotion. It is only when he shows her his huge mansion and expensive possessions that Daisy displays strong emotion toward him. For example, as Gatsby shows her his expensive clothes from England with a strained sound, Daisy bent her head into the shirts and began to cry stormily (99). Her reaction demonstrates how strongly Daisy is affected by wealth and by the people who have it. When the affair between Gatsby and Daisy is discovered, Tom and Gatsby confront each other over Daisy. In this crucial scene, Daisy reveals her true feelings about her affair with Gatsby that it is simply a way of filling in her empty days, for entertainment. It is also provides revenge for Toms many adulterous affairs. Deep in her heart, she is not determined, Oh, you want too much! [Daisy] cried to Gatsby. I love you now isnt that enough? I cant help whats past. She began to sob helplessly. I did love him once but I loved you too' (139). Having betrayed Gatsby twice already, Daisy now betrays him for the final time. Unwilling to face the consequences of Myrtles death, Daisy and Tom conspire to frame Gatsby for the accident. Gatsby is then killed by George Wilson, as Tom has led him to believe that Gatsby is both Myrtles lover and killer. In the end, the relationship between Daisy and Gatsby fails because Daisy values nothing but material goods; she does not even send flowers to Gatsbys funeral. Love is essential in a relationship. However, materialism is an essential aspect of all the relationships presented in The Great Gatsby, especially those between Tom and Myrtle, Tom and Daisy, and Daisy and Gatsby. Their relationships are failures because they are founded on the physical rather than the spiritual. As seen in the various relationships depicted in the novel, love based only on materialism will fail in the end.

Important Documents essays

Important Documents essays Throughout history, there have been many important documents that have contributed to the development of the democratic society that the United States of America holds today. Early English settlers brought with them the knowledge of a political system that had been in the making for centuries. The type of political system that the settlers knew was from 17th-century England, but a lot of the ideas came from varying places like Africa, and India. and various times. Three important documents that played a role in the USs society would include The Mayflower Compact, The English Bill of Rights, and The English Petition of Rights. The Mayflower Compact of 1620, dealt with people called Pilgrims who wanted to escape the religious persecution that they were experiencing in England. A group of about 102 men, women, and children set sail from England on a small ship called the Mayflower. When the Pilgrims finally anchored off Cape Cod, they all knew that they needed a plan to start their colony. So, before all the Pilgrims left the ship, all of the 41 adult males signed what is known as today as the Mayflower Compact. It was an agreement that said the Pilgrims would govern themselves. The Mayflower Compact became one of the first forms of self-government in North America. Because of the Mayflower Compact, governments were now starting to be self-governed. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 dealt with English immigrants. When English immigrants came to the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, most of them assumed that they would have the same protections against governmental abuses of power that they had in England. The most important protection was the right to trial by jury and the right of habeas corpus, which prevented the government from putting people in jail for no reason. Other personal liberties brought from England to America included the right of accused persons to have legal assistance at trials, and a ba...

Law for Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law for Business - Case Study Example Finally in respect of creditors of the company the court held the no duty was owed to them. The approach had been criticized by many and had been thought to be unjustified as it was thought that reliance would be placed on the accounts of the company which is indeed due to the auditors’ manuals and other material. However, in favour of the decision a few other points for such a decision are the floodgates argument; the lack of proximity between an auditor and an investor also leads to the conclusion that no claim lies against the auditors; and the placing of undue burden on the auditors and therefore duty is only limited to the company.. (Deakin et al 2008) Another important aspect that was considered in the decision of Caparo for accountants liability as well the standard duty of care requirement was the fact that the three tier test was required to be satisfied so as establish a duty of care. This test was a reformed test for negligence.The first requirement for the establis hment of duty of care was that it must be reasonably foreseeable that the conduct of defendant would cause damage to the claimant. Secondly, there must be sufficient proximity between the parties and finally ‘the situation must be one in which the court considers it fair, just and reasonable the law should impose a duty of care of a given scope on the one party for the benefir of the other’. (Elliott et al 2007) Another important aspect that had been considered by the House of Lords have held in La Banque Financiere de la Cite v Westgate Insurance Co Ltd was that if there had been an omission to speak it would not lead to construing of liability. A further important authority in respect of negligent misstatement is that of Hedley Byrne v. Heller2 wherein it was construed by the courts that there was no negligent misstatement on the basis that the facts portrayed that there had been disclaimer within the remarks that is the use of the term without responsibility which le d to the possibility of a duty of care to be extinguished. There had been a controversial decision of Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Bannerman Johnstone Maclay, wherein the absence of the disclaimer of liability was considered to be pivotal so as to establish a duty of care and holding the auditors liable. The facts of the case were that BJM were auditors of APC Ltd and RBS was the principal lender of APC Ltd and due to such lending RBS had an equity interest in APC. One of the requirement of RBS in their facility letters was the provision of audited financial statements by APC to RBS within six months of the end of financial year. Such copies were provided to RBS so as to assist them for lending decision. Subsequently RBS bought an action against BJM for the losses that were suffered by RBS as a result of reliance on such audit accounts which had inaccuracies. There was an application made by BJM to strike out the claim as there was no duty of care owed to RBS. It was decided by the court as a preliminary issues that what had been pleaded by RBS was sufficient to lead to a duty of care. Thus it was found that even though there was no direct contact between the parties BJM could have disclaimed liability when it came to know that RBS would be seeing the audited accounts for lending decisions. Thus the important reason was the absence of th

Pay day loan companies should be subject to more regulation Assignment

Pay day loan companies should be subject to more regulation - Assignment Example Vega (2014) argues the loans offered range from  £100 to  £1000 and this is offered for a period of few weeks or months. However, these lenders face a lot of criticism. This is because lots of people argue that they lend money irresponsibly and charge very high interest rates to individuals (Bonnette, 2005). This is unlike the traditional lenders who required lots of details so as to lend money to their clients. In light to this argument, this essay shall attempt to evaluate if the pay day lenders should have their businesses regulated or not. As seen in the work of Vega (2014), pay day lenders subject their borrowers to misery. This is from the verity that they ask for very high interest rates to desperate individuals who wish to sort out their financial issues with immediacy. One would argue that these pay day lenders are simply on the move to make huge amounts of profit by frustrating poor individuals who lack better alternatives to their present situations. In fact, the Perry (2011) and Cresswell (2009) refer to the pay day lenders as the worst offenders that the society can breed. However, the pay day lenders defend their mission by arguing that they save situations that cannot get assistance from the traditional lenders (Vega 2014; Jefferson, 2012.). They also argue that their services are better as they prevent borrowers from yearly interest rates that are high and may rise to 400% (Vega, 2014). The most interesting part, though, is that more and more people are caught up with this system with the day. Pay day loan companies should be regulated by the government as they offer extremely high interest rates to their clients. As argued by Cackley (2011) in an event that the pay day companies are regulated, it will be easy for regulation to take place as the government will ask for a clear range of the interest rates payable by the clients. This means that the pay day companies will only deal with persons can

Ethical Leadership And Unethical Behavior Management Essay

Ethical Leadership And Unethical Behavior Management Essay Ethical leadership, is a form of leadership including attributes such as integrity, trustworthiness, fairness, concern for others, and behaving ethically. A more systemic definition divides ethical leaders into two parts moral persons and moral managers (Trevià ±o, Hartman, Brown, 2000). For moral persons, it refers to the ethical part of the term ethical leadership, suggesting that ethical leaders should be moral persons who are honest, trustworthy, taking good care and be fair to their followers, having right behaviors in both personal and professional lives. For moral managers, it refers to the leadership part, focusing on more transactional efforts to influence the ethical behavior of followers (Trevino, Brown Hartman, 2003). As moral managers, ethical leaders communicate with their subordinates about their ethical and values-based expectations, use reward and punishment to encourage ethical conduct or prevent unethical behaviors. (Trevià ±o Brown, 2004). As ethical behaviors refer to behaviors that are generally morally acceptable to the larger community; conversely, we define unethical behaviors as behaviors that are morally unacceptable generally. (Jones, 1991; Trevià ±o, 2006) And in this paper, the ethical (unethical) behaviors refer to the behaviors conducted in companies or organizations. After defining the terms, we base on two theories or processes to explain the effects of ethical leadership on the unethical work behavior, which is consistent with the recent relevant studies about the topic. (Mayer, Aquino,Greenbaum Kuenzi, 2012; Mayer et al., 2009; Brown, Trevià ±o Harrison, 2005; Kirkman, Chen, Farh, Chen Lowe, 2009) Social Learning Theory Social learning theory posits that leaders influence their subordinates through the process of role-modeling. (Bandura, 1977, 1986) Employees learn what ought to do and what ought not, by observing the leaders behaviors and the corresponding results. (Trevià ±o Brown, 2004). Given the virtue and power in an organization, leaders are generally perceived as a credible and legitimate role model (Mayer et al., 2012). So by mimicking the behaviors of the ethical leaders, the subordinates would also be more likely to do things in a morally desirable way. Apart from direct observation on leaders, employees would also pay close attention to behaviors that are rewarded and punished to themselves or others (Brown, 2005), and to do what is rewarded while avoiding what is punished, and thus reduce the unfavorable behaviors. (Trevià ±o Brown, 2004). Ethical leadership highlights on ethical behaviors. So through behave ethically as a valid ethical role models, at the same time, encourage ethical behaviors and discipline unethical ones by putting forward proper rewards and punishments, ethical leader can have a role on preventing or reducing the unethical behaviors in the organization. (Mayer et al, 2012). Social Exchange Theory The effect of ethical leadership on the subordinates behavior can also be explained by social exchange processes (Blau, 1964; Trevià ±o Brown, 2004; Mayer et al., 2009). Social exchange is based on the norm of reciprocity (Gouldner, 1960), which means that if one party do something beneficial to the other party, the counter party will then assume the obligation to do something good as the reciprocation back to the first party. (Cropanzano Mitchell, 2005). So in the relationship of ethical leadership and unethical behavior, ethical leadership defines leaders with characteristics of having fairness, trustworthiness, integrity etc, if employees regarded themselves as being treated fairly and perceived organizational support create a closer relationship between employer and employee, they are more likely to reciprocate these favorable treatment by being more loyal and supportive to their leaders or organizations, thus tends to reduce the harmful behaviors (Bies Moag, 1986 ; Phillips Elkins ,2000 ; Trevià ±o Brown, 2004). Besides, it is found that if employees maintain a high-quality relationship with their leader, they are less likely to engage in retaliation (Liden, Sparrowe, Wayne, 1997). As ethical leaders are perceived as admirable leaders due to their trustworthiness, integrity and care and concern for others, they are likely to create a positive social exchange relationship with their subordinates. In return, more citizenship behaviors and less unethical conduct will be expected. (Trevià ±o Brown, 2004) So base on the review of the two processes that ethical leadership takes effect, we propose the first hypothesis. Hypothesis 1: Ethical leadership is negatively related to unethical behavior in organization. Power Distance Orientation as Moderator Power distance is defined as the extent to which one accepts the legitimacy of unequally distributed power in institutions and organizations. (Hofstede, 1980). And in this article, the research is on the individual-level, thus the term power distance orientation (Kirkman, Chen, Farh, Chen, Lowe, 2009; Clugston, Howell, Dorfman, 2000) was adopted. Recent studies and researches in the cross-cultural management field indicates that cultural value orientations, or individually held cultural values and beliefs, have an important role in how employees react to aspects of their work (Kirkman et al., 2009). And compared to other culture dimension, such as individualism-collectivism,uncertainty avoidance and masculinity-femininity etc. (Hofstede, 1980), power distance orientation, in theory, has a more direct relationship to leadership reactions (Kirkman et al., 2009) or the individuals perception and reaction to authority (Lian, Ferris Brown, 2012). And according to the review of the ethical leadership unethical behavior relationship, we note that ethical leadership can influence the subordinators unethical behavior through two processes social learning and social exchange. Studies suggest that by influencing the two processes, power distance orientation can act as a facilitator or barriers (Kirkman et al., 2009) to the ethical leadership-unethical behavior relationship. Power Distance Orientation and Social Learning Theory In the social learning perspective (Bandura, 1973), subordinates behavior will be influenced by leaders through the modeling process(Trevià ±o Brown, 2004; Brown,Trevià ±o, Harrison, 2005), where the subordinates will take the leaders as their role models, and learn from or mimic what the leaders do; besides, the subordinates would observe the reward and punishment to themselves or to the others offered by the leaders to get to know what to do or not to do. (Trevià ±o Brown, 2004) On the basis of this, with support from the studies, we argue that the power distance orientation will influence the effectiveness of the social learning in following ways. On one hand, compared to the low power distance orientation individuals, those who are with high power distance orientations will tend to view their leaders as the ones with high-status (Bochner Hesketh, 1994; Kirkman et al., 2009; Lian, Ferris Brown, 2012) and are superior as well as elite (Javidan, Dorfman, de Luque, House, 2006;Kirkman et al., 2009), thus they will be more likely to take their leaders as role models and mimic their behaviors. (Mayer, Aquino, Greenbaum Kuenzi, 2012; Lian, Ferris Brown, 2012) On the other hand, referring to the definition of power distance, we could note that subordinates with high power distance orientation accept unequally distributed power to a greater extent(Hofstede, 1980), thus they will hold a stronger belief, compared to low power distance orientation individuals, that one should not be against but to respect the leaders decision. (Bochner Hesketh, 1994; Lian, Ferris Brown, 2012), which means, the reward and punishment decision made by the leaders would be less likely to doubt and more likely to be accepted and followed by the high power distance orientation subordinators. As stated earlier, ethical leadership can have effects on subordinators unethical behavior through the social learning process. And with the present of power distance orientation, we expect the effect of ethical leadership will be affected, compared to low power distance orientation, individuals holding high power distance orientation will be more likely to regard their leaders as the ethical role model and mimic them to behave ethically. Also, they would be more convinced by and learn from the rewards on ethical behavior and punishments on unethical behavior. Power Distance Orientation and Social Exchange Theory Besides of Social learning processes, the ethical leaderships relationship with subordinates unethical behavior can be also explained by the social exchange processes. (Trevià ±o Brown, 2004; Mayer, Kuenzi, Greenbaum, Bardes, Salvador, 2009). As stated earlier, in social exchange theory and based on the norm of reciprocity (Gouldner, 1960), ethical leadership can help to prevent or mitigate the subordinators unethical behaviors when leaders and subordinators are in a positive social exchange relationship with elements such as perceived fairness, trust in leaders, etc. being satisfied. So by affecting these aspects, we expect power distance orientation will influence the ethical leaderships effect. For example, in the perceived fairness aspect, individuals with high power distance orientation will accept the unequally distributed power in a larger extent (Hofstede, 1980), so they will tend to be more tolerant for the unequally treatment and regard it as non unfair (Lian, Ferris Brown, 2012). So we posited that, with the less perceived unfairness, subordinates with high power distance orientation would view the leaders as fair which would result in less undesirable behavior such as unethical behavior (Trevià ±o Brown, 2004). Similarly, in the aspect of trust in leaders or affection for leaders, high power distance orientation plays a role that subordinates with high power distance orientation are more likely to admit their leaders superiority and elite (Javidan et al., 2006;Kirkman et al., 2009) so are more likely to show their respect to and trust their leaders (Kirkman et al., 2009; Sully de Luque Sommer, 2000;Lian Ferris Brown 2012). As a result, they will tend to behave favorably for the leaders or even the whole organization (Javidan et al., 2006; Kirkman et al., 2009) and reduce the undesirable behaviors including the unethical behaviors. To sum up the above, we expect the moderating effect of power distance orientation on the strength of the relationship between ethical leadership and unethical behaviors, and as such we put forward the second hypothesis. Hypothesis 2: The relation between ethical leadership and unethical behavior in organization is moderated by power distance orientation, such that the relation is stronger for individuals with high power distance orientation than for individuals with low power distance orientation. 3. Method Sample and Procedures This study is a quantitative study. Data would be collected in mainland China, the questionnaires will be translated to Chinese and back-translated into English for results analysis. (Kirkman et al., 2009). Sample size is expected to be around 200 subordinates in individuals. Measures Ethical leadership Referring to the recent ethical leadership studies of (Mayer et al., 2009, 2012), in this paper, we measure ethical leadership by using the ten-item scale from Brown et al. (2005). (See Appendix 1) Unethical behavior To measure the unethical behavior, we adopt the 17-item-scale used by (Akaahs ,1996) and (Mayer et al., 2012), which was originated from Newstrom Ruch (1975). (See Appendix 2) Power distance orientation As this article is on the individual-level, we follow the previous studies (Brockner et al., 2001; Earley, 1999; Kim Leung, 2007; Kirkman et al., 2009) to use the eight-item linkert scale from Earley and Erez (1997) for the measurement of the power distance orientation. (See Appendix 3) Control variables In this study, control variables including: age, gender, tenure, (Brockner et al., 2001; Kirtment et al., 2009; Lian, Ferris Brown, 2012); we will also control the position factor, which refers to whether the employees hold the role of subordinate and supervisor at the same time. (Brockner et al., 2001). Analysis Method We will first use the bivariate regression to test the main effect (Hypothesis 1) and we will use multiple regression to test the moderating effect (Hypothesis 2). 5. Schedule Reference Akaah, I. P. (1996). The influence of organizational rank and role on marketing professionals ethical judgments. Journal of Business Ethics, 15: 605-614. 15: 605-614. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology, vol. 2: 389-444. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bochner, S., Hesketh, B. (1994). Power distance, individualism/collectivism, and job-related attitudes in a culturally diverse work group. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 233-257. doi:10.1177/ 0022022194252005 Brockner, J., Ackerman, G., Greenberg, J., Gelfand, M. J., Francesco, A. M., Chen, Z. X., . . . Shapiro, D. (2001). Culture and procedural justice: The influence of power distance on reactions to voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 300 -315. doi:10.1006/ jesp.2000.1451 Brown, M. E., Trevià ±o, L. K., Harrison, D. A. 2005. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97: 117- 134. Brown, M. E., Trevià ±o, L. K. 2006a. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadership Quarterly, 17: 595-616. Brown, M. E., Trevià ±o, L. K. 2006b. Socialized charismatic leadership, values congruence, and deviance in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 954-962. Clugston, M., Howell, J. P., Dorfman, P. W. (2000). Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26, 5-30. doi:10.1016/S0149-2063(99)00034-3 Cropanzano, R., Mitchell, M. S. (2005)Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. .Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. doi: 10.1177/0149206305279602 Dorfman, P. W., Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited. Advances in International Comparative Management, 3, 127-150. Earley, P. C., Erez, M. 1997. The transplanted executive: Why you need to understand how workers in other countries see the world differently. New York: Oxford University Press Earley, P. C. 1999. Playing follow the leader: Status determining traits in relation to collective efficacy across cultures. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 80: 192-212. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178 Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G. 1993. Culture constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1): 81-94. Hofstede, G. 2001. Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Jones, T. M. 1991. Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16: 366-395. Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., de Luque, M. S., House, R. J. 2006. In the eye of the beholder: Cross-cultural lessons in leadership from Project GLOBE. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1): 67-90. Kim, T., Leung, K. 2007. Forming and reacting to overall fairness: A cross-cultural comparison. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104: 83-95. Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J.-L., Chen, Z. X., Lowe, K. B. (2009). Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders: A cross-level, cross-cultural examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 744-764. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.43669971 Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J. (2012). Does power distance exacerbate or mitigate the effects of abusive supervision? it depends on the outcome. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 107-123 Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., Salvador, R. (. (2009). How low does ethical leadership flow? test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.04.002 Mayer, D. M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R. L., Kuenzi, M. (2012). Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? an examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 151. Newstrom, J. W., W. A. Ruch: 1975, The Ethics of Management and the Management of Ethic, MSU Business Topics (Winter), 31. Trevià ±o, L. K., Weaver, G. R., Gibson, D. G., Toffler, B. L. (1999). Managing ethics and legal compliance: What works and what hurts. California Management Review, 41(2), 131-151. Trevià ±o, L. K., Hartman, L. P., Brown, M. E. 2000. Moral person and moral manager: How executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership. California Management Review, 42(4): 128-142. Trevino, L. K., Brown, M. E., Hartman, L. P. (2003). A qualitative investigation of perceived executive ethical leadership: Perceptions from inside and outside the executive suite. Human Relations, 56, 5-38. Trevià ±o, L. K., Brown, M. E. (2004). The Role of Leaders in Influencing Unethical Behavior in the Workplace [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.corwin.com/upm-data/4910_Kidwell_Chapter_3.pdf Trevià ±o, L. K. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32(6), 951-990. doi: 10.1177/0149206306294258 Appendices Appendix 1 10 items Ethical Leadership Scale (Brown et al., 2005) Items will be rated on a scale from 1 (highly unlikely) to 7 (highly likely) Conducts h/h personal life in an ethical manner Defines success not just by results but also the way that they are obtained Listens to what employees have to say Disciplines employees who violate ethical standards Makes fair and balanced decisions Can be trusted Discusses business ethics or values with employees Sets an example of how to do things the right way in terms of ethics Has the best interests of employees in mind When making decisions, asks what is the right thing to do? Appendix 2 17 items unethical behavior scale ( Newstrom Ruch 1975) Items will be rated on descriptive range from 1 Never to 7 Frequently Personal use Using company services for personal use Doing personal business on company time Pilfering company materials and supplies Taking extra personal time (lunch hour, breaks, early departure) Passing blame Concealing ones error Passing blame for errors to an innocent co-worker Claiming credit for someone elses work Bribery Giving gifts/favors in exchange for preferential treatment Accepting gifts/favor in exchange for preferential treatment Falsification Falsifying time/quality/quantity reports Calling in sick to take a day off Authorizing a subordinate to violate company rules Padding expenses Padding an expense account up to 10% Padding an expense account more than 10% Deception Taking longer than necessary to do a job Divulging con ¬Ã‚ dential information Not reporting others violations of company policies and rules

Was The Grand Prix Beneficial For Melbourne :: essays research papers

Was The Grand Prix Beneficial For Melbourne Issues Part -B- Was the Grand Prix, promoted as "The Great Race" which was held at Albert Park beneficial for Melbourne, or was it just a huge waste of taxpayers money? The race was televised to 650 million people in 130 different countries is expected to pump $50 million into the Victorian economy every year and boost tourism enormously. I along with the owners of seventy-two percent of hotels, motels, restaurants and other entertainment complexes agree that Albert Park having the Grand Prix will have a positive impact on business. Infact it pumped $10 - $15 million into local business. This will mean these businesses did put on more part time staff who will be gaining valuable work experience and there will also be a flow on effect to suppliers of these industries. Fifty-nine percent of interstate visitors and forty five percent of overseas visitors would not have come to Adelaide in a two year period because of the Grand Prix if not for the race. By Albert Park getting the Grand Prix created between 1000-1500 new jobs. The Grand Prix will promote Victoria on an international scale with international press, television and media caring out a world wide coverage of this event. This could convince people to come and visit Melbourne and would also be a major tourism boost. Approximately $23.8 million has been spent overhauling the park and upgrading the Lake side track. They built better fences and barricades to help protect spectators in case of a crash, and the track is said to be the safest and finest in the world, creating a benchmark for Albert Park. Temporary seating will cater for 150,000 people, and there was approximately an attendance of 400,000 over the four days. 9,000 part-time jobs and 1,000 full-time jobs were created over the weekend. The "greenies" are still trying to stop the race at Albert Park. First it was "Save The Park" and now it's "Stop The Grand Prix." At first they protested about the cutting down of hundreds of trees to make way for the track. But this has been overcome by the replanting of 5000 new trees which would cover 16 football ovals. This is almost double the amount of trees that were there previously. They don't care about the huge impact that the race had on Melbourne, instead they unsuccessfully protest against it and by doing so it has cost the Victorian taxpayers $1.3 million. But the track has already been built and the first race held, so there is no chance of it being removed and the park could

Chadwick: A Balanced Scorecard

Needs to focus Its business strategy by first addressing the following questions: How do customers see us? What must we excel at? Can we continue to improve and create value? How do we look to shareholders? The Balanced Scorecard is a set of measures that gives top management a fast but comprehensive view of the business. It details both financial and operational measures by focusing on four parameters: Innovation and Learning Perspective, Internal Business Perspective, Customer Perspective, and Financial Perspective.By adopting the Balanced Scorecard, Chadwick, Inc. Will create a report that Includes financial measures of results already taken together with operational measures that are the drivers of future financial performance. Innovation and Learning Perspective Chadwick will fulfill its company value through its ability to introduce its new products, improve operating efficiencies to generate its revenue. Well-trained employees bring value to a company, and a good training prog ram can improve the employees' performance.The best measurement of training is return on investment (ROI). Chadwick, Inc. ‘s goal Is to create an Increase of new drug Innovation; measured y comparing after-training results to previous pre-training results, setting a benchmark at 5%. The Research and Development department (R&D) plays an important role by getting feedback from the market, customers, and specialists. It will use the feedback to create future products to meet their customer's needs and create profits. The company should set up both short-term and long-term goal for the R;D department.The short-term goal will be measured by two deferent ways: the amount of new product's weight on total sales and time a product takes to be Introduced to the market. New products must occupy 60% of the sales. To measure product introduction, Chadwick, Inc. Can compare the time spends on the new product development and compare it to its competitors. The long-term goal is to maintain t echnology leadership in the industry, measured by Chadwick ability to develop next generation of drug innovation. To motivate the employees, the company should set up a reward system or work environment to stimulate the creativity of Its workers.Chadwick should Incorporate both monetary and non monetary methods to reward its employees. The non monetary awards include: public recognition such as reduce development team award dinners and ceremonies, recognition through video spots or the company newsletter; or, time off like time allocated to work on â€Å"pet† projects, extra vacation for overtime worked, etc. (Sunken, 30). Above all, to build an engaged workforce, enable a rewarding work environment, and leverage technology are essential elements the company must Include when setting measures under Its Innovation and learning perspective.Internal Business Perspective Chadwick Inc. Needs to implement internal business measures to meet its customers expectations. By identifying and measuring specific goals such as new compound velveteen, excellence in manufacturing and new product introduction, Chadwick will ensure its continued market leadership. New compound development will be measured by the number of products in development and focusing on three factors: will make it through, attrition can determine the number of compounds needed in each stage to ensure registration.Cycle time will measure the amount of time it takes for a compound to go through the entire process from development to market introduction. Funding will determine how many projects the company can financially support throughout the year. Based on the three factors, management will be able to calculate how many compounds are needed in each development stage and identify any gaps in its strategy. Chadwick needs to continue its excellence in manufacturing. Creating a quality product at a reasonable cost will ensure customer loyalty and drive profits.The manufacturing development will measur e the unit cost of each drug. Also it will measure the cycle time of each drug focusing on quickness and efficiency. Management will be able to calculate if a certain drug takes longer, or is more expensive to manufacture, and make changes accordingly to minimize cost and improve lead time. Product introduction will be measured by the time it takes to market the newly approved drug. It will also measure the costs associated with introducing the new drug, such as advertisement and incentives to distributors.Management will be able to track each drug and determine if there are any delays in the distributing and marketing process Customer Perspective Customer retention is one of the most important parts in keeping a company going strong. Chadwick must realize that the customer's opinions, finances, and willingness to buy their products are significant in moving forward. One way that Chadwick can see what customers are thinking is to have a section on their website that allows them to a sk questions about the products and to express their concerns about the products that might not be working.If the company provides this option on their website, the innovation and learning perspective can focus on ways to improve the products and keep the customers coming back for more. Another way to see what customers think of the company and its products is to ask them directly, whether it's sending them a survey in the mail or asking them at the doctor's office. These surveys can include questions that refer to which products are effective and not effective, which products consumers tend to purchase, which products people can afford, ask if the products are delivered promptly, and ask whether or not they are satisfied with the service.Since Chadwick is always looking to grow in quarterly sales and increase market share, it is important to see what customers are willing to pay for and which products they are purchasing. It is important to find out which products are not being sol d so Chadwick can take those items off the shelves and save money. Chadwick must see who its target consumers are; they have to find out which age range, gender, and race purchase the products. In order to keep Chadwick customers coming back, Chadwick must provide them with the best products and services.Another great way to stay in touch with customers is a loyalty program. It's a great way to use the email marketing tool and Chadwick can send its loyal customers special offers and let them know about upcoming events and new products. To make the customers feel appreciated, Chadwick can send out birthday greetings with gifts or special offers. This personal touch helps customers understand that Chadwick alee them as individuals and invites more loyalty and trust. Lastly, Chadwick needs to keep its loyal customers involved so Chadwick must ask for their opinions on the that would alienate its loyal customers.From a consumer perspective, a loyal customer would love to have a say in t hings and provide an invaluable incite on the upcoming business plan. After the decision is reached, their word of mouth marketing will achieve more success than almost any type of advertising or marketing efforts Chadwick employ. Financial Perspective Financial performance and measurements continue to be the crucial measurements or both the company and the company's shareholders. Financial goals have been set to determine profitability, growth, and shareholder value. Chadwick, Inc. Seed Return on Capital Employed (ROCK) to control the returns from the most profitable divisions and transfer the excess to those divisions that held out the highest promise for profitable growth. Chadwick implemented the reporting of financial summaries by each division to corporate headquarters. The Chadwick executive committee consisted of the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, two Executive Vice Presidents, and the Chief Financial Officer. The executive committee met on a monthly b asis with each division manager to review ROCK performance.In order to improve production within the Norwalk Division, we recommend that Chadwick implement to a total quality management program. This program will measure extensively the factors in employee participation, statistical process control, and key quality indicators. Chadwick can use computerized control and remote data entry systems which can produce daily income statements. This information can be available to the department managers and operating personnel. With this information, the value of output from production process can be estimated.This can be accomplished by using market prices and subtracting the expense of raw materials, energy, and capital consumption in the production process. In conclusion, Chadwick, Inc. Needs to create a clearly defined business vision and strategy to properly apply the Balanced Scorecard Theory. The vision and strategy needs to be implemented from top management. Chadwick measurement sy stem will strongly affect the behavior of management and employees. Monetary incentives can be added to the implementation of this program to make it successful.

History of Electric Christmas Lights

Like so many things electrical, the history of electric Christmas lights begins with Thomas Edison. During the Christmas season of 1880, Edison, who had invented the incandescent bulb the previous year, hung strings of electric lights outside his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. An article in the New York Times  on December 21, 1880, described a visit by officials from the New York City government to Edisons laboratory in Menlo Park. The walk from the train station to Edisons building was lined with electric lamps was illuminated with 290 light bulbs which cast a soft and mellow light on all sides. Did You Know? The first use of electric Christmas lighting was by Thomas Edison in 1880.The first illuminated Christmas tree was shown off by one of Edisons employees to reporters who visited his Manhattan house in 1882.Electric lights were very costly at first and required the services of a trained electrician.When the cost of electric lights became affordable, their use quickly spread as they were much safer than candles. It doesnt appear from the article that Edison intended the lights to be associated with Christmas. But he was hosting a holiday dinner for the delegation from New York, and the novel lighting seemed to fit in with the holiday mood. Up to that time, it was common to illuminate Christmas trees with small candles, which could, of course, be dangerous. In 1882, an employee of Edison put on a show with electric lights that was fully intended to establish the practical application of electricity to the celebration of Christmas. Edward H. Johnson, a close friend of Edison and the president of the company Edison formed to provide illumination in New York City, used electric lights for the first time to illuminate a Christmas tree. The First Electric Christmas Tree Lights Johnson rigged up a Christmas tree with electrical lights, and, in typical style for the Edison companies, he solicited coverage in the press. An 1882 dispatch in the Detroit Post and Tribune about a visit to Johnson’s house in New York City may have been the first news coverage of electric Christmas lights. A month later, a magazine of the time, Electrical World, also reported on Johnson’s tree. Their item called it â€Å"the handsomest Christmas tree in the United States.† Two years later, the New York Times sent a reporter to Johnson’s house on the East Side of Manhattan, and an astoundingly detailed story appeared in the edition of December 27, 1884. Headlined, A Brilliant Christmas Tree: How an Electrician Amused His Children, the article began: A pretty as well as novel Christmas tree was shown to a few friends by Mr. E.H. Johnson, President of the Edison Company for Electric Lighting, last evening in his residence, No. 136 East Thirty-sixth Street. The tree was lighted by electricity, and children never beheld a brighter tree or one more highly colored than the children of Mr. Johnson when the current was turned and the tree began to revolve. Mr. Johnson has been experimenting with house lighting by electricity for some time past, and he determined that his children should have a novel Christmas tree. It stood about six feet high, in an upper room, last evening, and dazzled persons entering the room. There were 120 lights on the tree, with globes of different colors, while the light tinsel work and usual adornment of Christmas trees appeared to their best advantage in illuminating the tree. An Edison Dynamo Rotated the Tree Johnson’s tree, as the article went on to explain, was quite elaborate, and it rotated thanks to his clever use of Edison dynamos: Mr. Johnson had placed a little Edison dynamo at the foot of the tree, which by passing a current through from the large dynamo in the cellar of the house, converted it into a motor. By means of this motor, the tree was made to revolve with a steady, regular motion. The lights were divided into six sets, one set of which was lighted at a time in front as the tree went round. By a simple devise of breaking and making connection through copper bands around the tree with corresponding buttons, the sets of lights were turned out and on at regular intervals as the tree turned around. The first combination was of pure white light, then, as the revolving tree severed the connection of the current that supplied it and made connection with a second set, red and white lights appeared. Then came yellow and white and other colors. Even combinations of the colors were made. By dividing the current from the large dynamo Mr. Johnson could stop the motion of the tree without putting out the lights. The New York Times provided two more paragraphs containing even more technical detail about the Johnson familys astounding Christmas tree. Reading the article more than 120 years later, it’s obvious that the reporter considered the electric Christmas lights to be a serious invention. The First Electric Christmas Lights Were Costly While Johnson’s tree was considered a marvel, and Edison’s company tried to market electric Christmas lights, they did not become immediately popular. The cost of the lights and the services of an electrician to install them was out of the reach of the general public. However, wealthy people would hold Christmas tree parties to show off electric lighting. Grover Cleveland reportedly ordered a White House Christmas tree that was lit with Edison bulbs in 1895. (The first White House Christmas tree belonged to Benjamin Harrison, in 1889, and was lit by candles.) The use of small candles, despite their inherent danger, remained the popular method of illuminating household Christmas trees until well into the 20th century. Electric Christmas Tree Lights Made Safe A popular legend is that a teenager named Albert Sadacca, after reading about a tragic New York City fire in 1917 caused by candles lighting a Christmas tree, urged his family, which was in the novelty business, to begin manufacturing affordable strings of lights. The Sadacca family tried marketing electric Christmas lights but sales were slow at first. As people became more attuned to household electricity, strings of electric bulbs became increasing common on Christmas trees. Albert Sadacca, incidentally, became the head of a lighting company worth millions of dollars. Other companies, including most notably General Electric, entered the Christmas light business, and by the 1930s electric Christmas lights had become a standard part of holiday decorating. Early in the 20th century the tradition began of having public tree lighting. One of the most famous, the lighting of the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C., began in 1923. A tree, place on the ellipse, at the southern end of the White House grounds, was first illuminated on December 24, 1923 by President Calvin Coolidge. A newspaper report the following day described the scene: As the sun sank below the Potomac the President touched a button which lighted up the nations Christmas tree. The giant fir from his native Vermont instantly blazed with myriad electrics which shone through tinsels and reds, while those who surrounded this community tree, children and grown-ups, cheered and sang. The crowds on foot were augmented by thousands who came in motor cars, and to the music of the singers was added the discord of horns. For hours the people thronged to the ellipse, which was dark except in the spot where the tree stood, its brilliancy heightened by a searchlight which shed its rays from the Washington Monument overlooking it. Another prominent tree lighting, at Rockefeller Center in New York City, began modestly in 1931 when construction workers decorated a tree. When the office complex officially opened two years later, the tree lighting became an official event. In the modern era the Rockefeller Center tree lighting has become a yearly event carried live on national television.